Resistance training – an underutilised drug available in everybody’s medicine cabinet

Posted on by BMJ

By Dr Yorgi Mavros @dryorgimavros

The Physical Activity and Population Health BJSM Blog Series

#bjsmPApopBlog

As we get older we begin to lose muscle mass, approximately 1% every year. But more importantly, the decline in muscle strength declines at a rate 3-times greater [1]. The consequences of this decline in strength are significant, with lower muscle strength being associated with an increased risk dementia[2], needing care, and mortality[3]. But should we accept this as our fate, or is there anything we can do prevent, reverse or at least slow this age-related decline?

In 1990, a type of exercise called progressive resistance training, commonly known as strength training, was introduced to 9 nonagenerians living in a nursing home, specifically to treat the loss of muscle mass and strength, and the functional consequences of disability [4]. After just 8 weeks, these older adults saw average strength gains of 174%, with 2 individuals no longer needing a cane to walk. In addition, one out of the three individuals who could not stand from a chair, was now able to stand up independently. Just take a moment to think about the results of that study. If I told you there was a medicine that you or a loved one could take, and it could make either of you strong enough to now get out of a chair, would you take it?

What if you or a loved one had a hip fracture, and I told you that same medicine could help reduce the risk of mortality by 81%, and the risk of going in to a nursing home by 84%, as was shown in this study [5]. Currently, the only way to take this medicine is by lifting weights, or pushing against resistance.

A recent study from Britain, [6] showed an association between adults who participated in 2 days per week of strength training and a 20% reduction in mortality from any cause, and a 43% reduction in cancer mortality. Data from the Women’s Health Study in the US published at a similar time were very similar, with women reporting up to 145 minutes per week of strength training having a 19-27% reduced risk of mortality  from any cause [7].

So where does the benefit of strength training come from? First and foremost, it is anabolic in nature (meaning that it can stimulate muscle growth) making it the only type of exercise that can address the age-associated decline in muscle mass and strength. Within our laboratory at the University of Sydney, we have shown that we can use this type of exercise to improve cognitive function in adults who have subjective complaints about their memory [8]. What’s important though, is that there was a direct relationship between strength gains and improvements in cognition, and so maximizing strength gains should be a key focus if you want to maximize your benefit [9]. This type of exercise has even been taken into hospitals and used in adults with kidney failure undergoing haemodialysis, where it was shown to reduce inflammation, and improve muscle strength and body composition [10].

Other laboratories around the world have also used strength training to increase bone strength in postmenopausal women [11], help manage blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes [12], as well as to counteract the catabolic side effects of androgen-deprivation therapy for men with prostate cancer [13]. Not to mention its benefits to sleep [14], depression  [15] and recovery from a heart attack  [16].

So it is no surprise to see that the  Australian [17] and UK [18] public health guidelines for physical activity recommend we take part in activities such as strength training 2-to-3 days per week. Unfortunately however, these recommendations lack detail and guidance on intensity and frequency.

A key theme in all the randomized controlled studies discussed above, is that not only were exercises performed at least 2 days per week, but they were fully supervised, used machine and/or free weights, and were done at a high intensity, which is commonly set to 80% of an individual’s peak strength. It is for this reason I like to focus on the guidelines put forward by The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) [19]. The ACSM advises that everyone, including older adults do at least 2 days of progressive resistance training, which is to be performed at a moderate (5 – 6) to high/hard (7 – 8) intensity on a scale of 0 to 10, involving the major muscle groups of the body. So if you are looking to maximise the benefit from your time in the gym, or looking to make a positive change to your lifestyle, remember that there is medicine you can take; Try lifting some weights or doing other forms of strength training, 3 days a week, and importantly, make sure it feels moderate to hard. Not only will it add years to your life, but life to your years.

References

  1. Goodpaster, B.H., et al., The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 2006. 61(10): p. 1059-1064. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077199
  2. Boyle, P.A., et al., Association of Muscle Strength with the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and the Rate of Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Persons. Archives of neurology, 2009. 66(11): p. 1339-1344. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838435/
  3. Ruiz, J.R., et al., Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2008. 337. http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a439
  4. Fiatarone, M.A., et al., High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians: Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA, 1990. 263(22): p. 3029-3034. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2342214
  5. Singh, N.A., et al., Effects of High-Intensity Progressive Resistance Training and Targeted Multidisciplinary Treatment of Frailty on Mortality and Nursing Home Admissions after Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 13(1): p. 24-30. http://www.jamda.com/article/S1525-8610%2811%2900273-8/abstract
  6. Stamatakis, E., et al., Does strength promoting exercise confer unique health benefits? A pooled analysis of eleven population cohorts with all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality endpoints. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2017: p. kwx345-kwx345. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/doi/10.1093/aje/kwx345/4582884
  7. Kamada, M., et al., Strength Training and All‐Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality in Older Women: A Cohort Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017. 6(11). http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/6/11/e007677
  8. Fiatarone Singh, M.A., et al., The Study of Mental and Resistance Training (SMART) Study—Resistance Training and/or Cognitive Training in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Sham Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2014. 15(12): p. 873-880. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25444575
  9. Mavros, Y., et al., Mediation of Cognitive Function Improvements by Strength Gains After Resistance Training in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Outcomes of the Study of Mental and Resistance Training. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2017. 65(3): p. 550-559. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.14542/full
  10. Cheema, B., et al., Progressive Exercise for Anabolism in Kidney Disease (PEAK): A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training during Hemodialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2007. 18(5): p. 1594-1601. http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/18/5/1594.full
  11. Watson, S.L., et al., High-Intensity Resistance and Impact Training Improves Bone Mineral Density and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: The LIFTMOR Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: p. n/a-n/a. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/28975661/
  12. Castaneda, C., et al., A Randomized Controlled Trial of Resistance Exercise Training to Improve Glycemic Control in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2002. 25(12): p. 2335-2341.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12453982
  13. Galvao, D.A., et al., Resistance Training and Reduction of Treatment Side Effects in Prostate Cancer Patients. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2006. 38(12): p. 2045-2052. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17146309
  14. Kovacevic, A., et al., The effect of resistance exercise on sleep: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919335
  15. Singh, N.A., et al., A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 2005. 60(6): p. 768-776. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15983181
  16. Hollings, M., et al., The effect of progressive resistance training on aerobic fitness and strength in adults with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2017. 24(12): p. 1242-1259. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28578612
  17. Brown, W., G. Moorhead, and A. Marshall, Choose health: Be Active: A physical activity guide for older Australians. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2005. 1:p.18.  http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/3244D38BBBEBD284CA257BF0001FA1A7/$File/choosehealth-brochure.pdf
  18. Davies, S., et al., Start active, stay active: a report on physical activity from the four home countries. Chief Medical Officers, 2011. 16306: p. 1-62. https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/fitness/Documents/older-adults-65-years.pdf
  19. Chodzko-Zajko, W.J., Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Kinesiology Review, 2014. 3(1): p. 101-106. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516148

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Yorgi Mavros, PhD. Lecturer, University of Sydney

Twitter; @dryorgimavros

We welcome guest blog contributions, if you have any ideas for this series please email emmanuel.stamatakis@sydney.edu.au 

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