{"id":920,"date":"2015-12-14T15:43:29","date_gmt":"2015-12-14T15:43:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/?p=920"},"modified":"2017-08-21T11:16:55","modified_gmt":"2017-08-21T11:16:55","slug":"primary-care-corner-with-geoffrey-modest-md-lifestyle-interventions-and-cognition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2015\/12\/14\/primary-care-corner-with-geoffrey-modest-md-lifestyle-interventions-and-cognition\/","title":{"rendered":"Primary Care Corner with Geoffrey Modest MD: Lifestyle Interventions and Cognition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By Dr. Geoffrey Modest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There have been several recent articles on interventions to prevent cognitive decline, including<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>An op-ed piece in the NY Times (see\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/10\/25\/opinion\/sunday\/can-you-get-smarter.html?emc=edit_th_20151025&amp;nl=todaysheadlines&amp;nlid=67866768&amp;_r=0\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/10\/25\/opinion\/sunday\/can-you-get-smarter.html?emc=edit_th_20151025&amp;nl=todaysheadlines&amp;nlid=67866768&amp;_r=0<\/a>\u200b )\u00a0. A few of their points, expanded a bit with the references:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>A 6-week on-line\u00a0study with 11,430 participants trained several times a week on cognitive tasks:\u00a0there were 3 groups&#8211;one\u00a0with 6 training tasks emphasizing reasoning, planning and problem-solving; another group was exposed to a\u00a0broader range of cognitive tasks including tests of short-term memory, attention, visuospatial processing and mathematics, as is\u00a0found in commercially available brain training devices; and a control group who did not do specific cognitive tasks but answered obscure questions using online resources (i.e., like Google). They found that each of these tasks improved through this training, but\u00a0&#8220;no evidence was found for transfer effects to untrained tasks, even when those tasks were cognitively closely related&#8221; \u2013 i.e., there is no evidence that regular use of computerized specific cognitive tasks improves general cognitive function (see Nature. 2010 June 10; 465: 775)<\/li>\n<li>Exercise does seem to help:\n<ul>\n<li>Mice who have regular exercise have more neurons in their hippocampus (that is the site where new memories are formed and converted to long-term memories, and one of the first sites affected by Alzheimer Disease (AD)<\/li>\n<li>A small study of 86 women with subjective memory complaints were assigned to 3 groups: resistance training, aerobic training, or balance\/tone (the\u00a0control group). Those in the aerobic training group remembered more items;\u00a0both aerobic and resistance training led to better spatial memory performance; and there was a significant correlation between spatial memory performance and overall physical capacity (see doi: 10.1155\/2013\/861893)<\/li>\n<li>A study of 155 community-dwelling women 65-75 yo were randomized to resistance training vs balance\/tone (control group)\u00a0and found that resistance training reduced the progression of brain MRI white matter lesions (which are associated with cognitive impairment, and are markers of cerebral small-vessel disease &#8212;\u00a0see J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(10): 2052)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>They note that BNDF levels (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which is released in response to neuronal activity) are associated with brain size and function, and is increased with exercise (more below).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>A JAMA perspective on mitigating cognitive decline (see doi:10.1001\/jama.2015.15390\u200b)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>In assessing &gt;1200 brains in 2 different aging studies,\u00a0there was not a great correlation between anatomic findings and cognitive health:\n<ul>\n<li>The Rush\u00a0Memory and Aging\u00a0Project\u00a0 [Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012; 9(6): 646]\u00a0of 1556\u00a0elders without dementia enrolled from retirement communities beginning in 1997, tracked cognitive function, relying on clinical diagnoses and an array of 21 cognition tests, found that:\n<ul>\n<li>Physical activity was associated with cognition<\/li>\n<li>Incident Alzheimer dementia (AD)\u00a0was associated with a\u00a0decline in motor function<\/li>\n<li>Social engagement (social activity and support) was associated with global cognition and a\u00a0slower rate of cognitive and motor\u00a0decline and\u00a0disability<\/li>\n<li>But at autopsy,\u00a0the correlation\u00a0between anatomic changes and cognition were not great: 90% of those meeting clinical criteria of\u00a0AD\u00a0did meet pathologic criteria for AD, but 1\/2 of those with mild cognitive impairment and 1\/3 of those without cognitive impairment also\u00a0met pathologic criteria for AD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The Religious Orders Study\u00a0[Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012; 9(6): 628], a study\u00a0from 1994-2011 of 1162\u00a0Catholic nuns, priests, and brothers from 40 groups across the US\u00a0initially without dementia, similarly\u00a0used\u00a0a battery of 21 cognitive tests, also found the same relatively poor\u00a0correlation as the Rush study between anatomic pathology and AD.<\/li>\n<li>\u200bAnd,\u00a0overall overt brain pathology accounted for only 1\/2 of the cognitive decline documented<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Animal studies support the role of\u00a0BDNF in improving neuronal survival and function (especially in the hippocampus and cortex), and improve synaptic plasticity and long-term memory. Human epidemiologic studies find a correlation between low BDNF levels and AD (though unclear which came first). In this light\u00a0the community-based\u00a0Framingham Study was reviewed to see if higher BDNF levels in cognitively healthy adults seemed to protect against future development of AD, found that in 10 years of followup, 140 people developed dementia (117 with AD), and each SD increase in BDNF levels was associated with a 33% decreased risk of dementia overall and AD in particular. Comparing the top to bottom quintile of BDNF levels, there was a 51% decrease in risk of dementia (HR49, p=0.01) and AD (HR.46, p=0.02), \u00a0specifically in subgroups of women, people &gt;80 yo and those with college degrees\u00a0(see\u00a0\u00a0JAMA Neurol. 2014;\u00a071(1): 55)<\/li>\n<li>Depression is associated with lower BNDF levels and more\u00a0hippocampal shrinkage, and antidepressants block the depression-induced drop in BDNF.<\/li>\n<li>And what increases BDNF levels??? Increased physical activity, reduced caloric intake, social support (and lack thereof is associated with lower BDNF levels).\u00a0A review found that aerobic\u00a0exercise increases BDNF as well\u00a0as improves hippocampal atrophy, improves memory function, and reduces depression\u00a0[see Neuroscientist 2012: 18(1): 82].\u00a0\u00a0By the way, there are also\u00a0data showing exercise is associated with\u00a0decreases in b-amyloid in a transgenic Alzheimer mouse model.<\/li>\n<li>Increased BDNF also\u00a0reduces risk of stroke (I could not find this reference to review the primary data).<\/li>\n<li>Also there are data finding that blood VEGF levels (vascular endothelial growth factor) may be protective of brain function. For example, a study found that VEGF levels in the CSF\u00a0were higher in those with higher cognitive abilities, in comparing those with normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment to those with AD. And, exercise boosts VEGF..\u00a0\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>A more recent article undercut\u00a0the exercise\/dementia link:\u00a0the LIFE trial (Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for\u00a0Elders)\u00a0looked at the effects of a\u00a024-month physical activity program for 1635 community-living people in the US, aged 70-89, who were at risk for\u00a0mobility disability but able to walk 400 meters (seeJAMA. 2015;314(8):781-790). They assessed cognitive function as a secondary outcome (though this\u00a0study was not specifically powered for this outcome)\u00a0using several instruments, especially\u00a0the Digit Symbol Coding subtest of Wechsler Adult Intelligance Scale and the revised Hopkiins Verbal Learning Test (12-item word list recall), comparing those in the structured moderate-intensity physical activity program of walking, resistance training, and flexibility exercises,\u00a0to those in a health education program. They found no overall benefit to exercise, except in those &gt;80 yo and in\u00a0those with poorer baseline physical performance, noting an\u00a0improvement\u00a0in executive function in these groups\u00a0(p=0.01). However,\u00a0they did not measure BDNF levels,\u00a0which may be particularly\u00a0important in a group of patients who\u00a0were physically challenged at baseline\u00a0and perhaps unable to exercise very\u00a0much. Also,\u00a0only 57 patients overall developed dementia though 132 developed mild cognitive impairment (this LIFE\u00a0was a well-educated cohort, and\u00a0therefore\u00a0more likely to show less cognitive decline by the cognitive\u00a0tests).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>So, things are usually more complicated than they seem. We are all (myself certainly included) prone to look for simple solutions that make sense physiologically. It makes sense that AD and dementia in general are\u00a0neurologic degenerative disorders associated with specific anatomic pathology, but the actual correlation is not so clear. It also\u00a0makes sense that keeping the brain active, through suduko or other cognitive puzzles would help preserve brain function, but it seems that overall brain function does not improve (though performance of the specific task, suduko in this case, does get better&#8230;.). \u00a0However,\u00a0the above studies suggest that there do\u00a0seem to be\u00a0a large array of potential benefits from exercise,\u00a0including decreased depression, improved memory, and decreased progression of cognitive decline.\u00a0And the data also support the benefit of a\u00a0Mediterranean diet. Bottom line: I think it is not so useful to try to break down the specific components of diet or exercise which is beneficial (a tad reductionist), that cognitive decline is undoubtedly multifactorial (again arguing against a reductionist approach), but that nutrition\u00a0and exercise are very likely necessary for brain health and likely more so than the too-often-advertized easy fixes of on-line memory games, etc. And this realization is a bit of a game-changer, in that perhaps our primary therapeutic\u00a0focus in elderly people concerned about cognitive decline\u00a0really should be on a\u00a0healthy diet and exercise, which not only are good for the body but also for the mind.<\/p>\n<p>For some other blogs on cognitive function, see:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2015\/01\/27\/primary-care-corner-with-geoffrey-modest-md-chocolate-and-memory-this-time-reviewing-the-reference\/\">https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2015\/01\/27\/primary-care-corner-with-geoffrey-modest-md-chocolate-and-memory-this-time-reviewing-the-reference\/<\/a>\u00a0showing that chocolae improves cognitive function<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2015\/12\/01\/primary-care-corner-with-geoffrey-modest-md-mediterranean-diet-and-brain-volume\/\">https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2015\/12\/01\/primary-care-corner-with-geoffrey-modest-md-mediterranean-diet-and-brain-volume\/<\/a> reviewed\u00a0the Mediterranean diet and cogntive decline, showing decreased AD and also larger brain volumes, which tracked with the degree of adherence to a Mediterranean diet.\u00a0\u200b<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Primary Care Corner with Geoffrey Modest MD: Lifestyle Interventions and Cognition  [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2015\/12\/14\/primary-care-corner-with-geoffrey-modest-md-lifestyle-interventions-and-cognition\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":148,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14283],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archive"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/148"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=920"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/920\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg-blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}